The Tax Features of Life Insurance: Benefits Many Miss
Many people only picture life insurance as a death benefit paid to loved ones after they’re gone. But to business owners, high-net-worth individuals, and pre-retirees, life insurance could be more than that. Some life insurance policies also offer the opportunity to access its cash value tax efficiently and for potential supplemental retirement, in addition to its legacy benefits.
This article provides an educational overview of how life insurance may be treated for tax purposes under current U.S. tax law. It does not provide tax, legal, or financial advice. Outcomes vary and require individualized review with qualified professionals.
Overview of Life Insurance Tax Mechanics (Premiums, Death Benefit, Loans)
Certain types of life insurance come with three main tax mechanics: premium payments, cash value accrual/loans, and the death benefit.
Premiums & Cash Value
- Permanent life insurance (e.g., whole life, universal life) includes a cash-value component that grows tax-deferred. Recent research suggests that using cash-value life insurance can provide a tax-efficient retirement supplement.
- The cash value isn’t counted as current taxable income as it accumulates.
- Some of that cash value may be accessed via withdrawals (up to cost basis) or policy loans, which are generally income-tax-free if the policy remains in force and is not a MEC (1). These are core life insurance tax benefits that many overlook.
Death Benefit
- When someone dies, the policy pays a death benefit to beneficiaries, typically income-tax-free under current U.S. law (2).
- For many individuals, this death benefit can become a powerful legacy tool, enabling a transfer of wealth outside of taxable investment accounts.
Loans and Withdrawals
- As noted, you may be able to borrow against the cash value of a policy instead of liquidating investments. In market-downturn periods, that helps avoid selling depressed assets.
- But you must take caution as outstanding loans reduce the death benefit, may trigger policy lapse, and if the policy is classified as a Modified Endowment Contract (MEC), tax rules change.
- Another caution is that loan interest accrues; unmanaged loans can cause lapse and taxation.
Examples of How Business Owners May Evaluate Life Insurance
Business owners sometimes review life insurance as part of broader risk-management or succession discussions. These uses vary widely and are not appropriate in all circumstances. Evaluation typically requires coordination among financial, tax, and legal advisors.
- Corporate ownership of the policy: A company may own a life insurance policy on a key person or owner. In the U.S., premiums for corporate-owned life insurance are generally not tax-deductible; consult your tax advisor.
- Funding buy-sell agreements: A life insurance policy can provide liquidity on the death of an owner, and in some cases, it may also offer an advance of a portion of the death benefit if the insured is terminally ill. But before proceeding, consider the business structure, valuation methodology, and contractual obligations.
- Cash-value layering for tax-efficient planning: In certain circumstances, business owners may review whether policy cash value could serve as a financial resource. Access to cash value is subject to policy performance, funding levels, and loan management. Improper use may create taxable consequences or policy lapse risk.
- Legacy and estate-tax bridges: Business owners with larger estates may review ownership structures, including trust arrangements, to understand potential estate tax implications. These structures involve legal complexity and require individualized planning and professional guidance.
Integrating permanent life insurance into a retirement and asset-planning strategy can often provide value beyond its death benefit. It can offer the potential for supplemental income, a tax-deferred growth opportunity, and legacy benefits (3).
Common Strategies: Corporate-Owned, Split-Dollar, ILITs
Below are three structures that often come into the conversation. Each carries tax and legal compliance requirements and is not suitable for all individuals or businesses.
Corporate-Owned Life Insurance (COLI)
The business purchases the policy, pays premiums, and is usually the beneficiary on death. Premiums are generally not deductible under current tax law. Death benefits may generally be income-tax-free if IRS notice and consent rules are satisfied.
COLI policies involve tax and legal compliance oversight, reporting obligations, and potential compensation-related tax considerations.
Split-Dollar Arrangements
In a “split-dollar” arrangement, the costs and benefits of the insurance are shared between the business and the individual. These arrangements are complex and may be structured under economic benefit or loan regime rules.
Tax treatment varies significantly depending on structure and documentation. Improper administration may result in adverse tax consequences. These arrangements typically require detailed legal agreements and ongoing professional monitoring.
Irrevocable Life Insurance Trusts (ILITs)
An ILIT is a trust that owns a life insurance policy. When structured properly, death benefits may be excluded from the insured’s taxable estate under current law.
However, ILITs involve substantial legal and administrative complexity. Improper structuring may result in estate inclusion or unintended gift tax exposure. Additionally, transferring existing policies to an ILIT may trigger the three-year look-back rule under IRC §2035, potentially including proceeds in the taxable estate.
ILIT implementation typically requires coordination with qualified estate planning and tax professionals.
Risks and Compliance
Life insurance policies involve risks, regulatory and tax considerations, and tax or legal compliance issues.
Policy Lapse Risk
Insufficient funding, poor policy performance, or excessive loan or withdrawal activity may cause policies to lapse. Lapse may eliminate coverage and may result in taxable gain recognition.
Loan Accumulation Risk
Policy loans accrue interest and reduce both cash value and death benefits. If loans exceed policy capacity, lapse risk increases.
Modified Endowment Contract (MEC) Consequences
Policies funded above IRS limits may become MECs. MEC status changes tax treatment of withdrawals and loans and may introduce penalties for certain distributions.
Non-Guaranteed Policy Performance
Dividend scales, interest crediting rates, and internal policy expenses may change over time. Illustrations are projections and are not guarantees of performance.
Corporate and Compensation Tax Considerations
Business-owned policies may trigger compensation or reporting obligations depending on policy structure and beneficiary design.
Estate and Gift Tax Exposure
Improper ownership or premium funding methods may create unintended estate or gift tax consequences.
Because of these risks, life insurance policies are typically reviewed periodically with professional tax and legal advisors.
How to Evaluate if It May Fit Your Financial Plan
So how do you decide if these life-insurance tax strategies may be a good fit for you or your business?
Clarify your goals
- Do you need business liquidity (buy-sell, key-person)?
- Do you seek a tax-efficient supplemental retirement source?
- Is your estate large enough that legacy taxes and wealth transfer structuring matter?
Assess your existing plan and gaps
Look at your retirement savings, business continuity plan, insurance cover, estate plan.
- Are you fully utilizing the tax-advantaged buckets?
- Are you comfortable with the legacy you’ll leave?
Model the life-insurance overlay
Estimate premiums, cash-value accumulation, potential tax-benefit, death-benefit, business-use scenarios. Compare “standard plan” vs “plan + life‐insurance overlay” (including cost and complexity).
Evaluate costs vs. benefits
- Do the higher premiums justify the opportunity for added flexibility, tax-efficiency, and business/estate benefits? Do you have the ability to properly fund the policy for maximum efficiency?
- Are you comfortable with the long-term commitment and monitoring?
- Do you understand the life insurance fees and expenses, including surrender penalties?
- Are you healthy enough to qualify for coverage? Life insurance generally requires medical and often financial underwriting to qualify.
Compliance/structure review
Ensure business-ownership rules, trust setup (if ILIT), and split-dollar agreements are properly drafted and reviewed by tax and legal advisors.
Ongoing governance
Set review triggers: e.g., policy performance, business change, tax-law change, owner exit. Also, monitor loans, cash value, death-benefit adequacy, and policy expenses.
Final Thought
Individuals and business owners may benefit from reviewing how life insurance is treated under current tax law as part of a broader financial planning discussion. Evaluating policy structure, ownership, and funding requires coordination with qualified financial, tax, and legal professionals.
Pioneer Wealth Management provides informational reviews to help clients understand how life insurance may interact with overall financial planning strategies. Individuals are encouraged to consult appropriate professionals before making any insurance or tax-related decisions.
Disclosures
(1) loans and withdrawals will reduce available cash values and death benefits and may cause the policy to lapse or affect any guarantees against lapse. Additional premium payments may be required to keep the policy in force. In the event of a lapse, outstanding policy loans in excess of unrecovered cost basis will be subject to ordinary income tax. Tax laws are subject to change. You should consult a tax professional.
(2)Life insurance death benefits are generally tax-free to a properly named beneficiary. Life insurance agents do not give tax or legal advice.
(3)While life insurance may help you address different financial needs, this information is not meant to imply that you may be able to use the policy to meet all of these financial needs during your lifetime. Utilizing one or more policy benefits may reduce or negate other features of the policy
Investment advisory services offered through CreativeOne Wealth, a registered investment adviser. Pioneer Wealth Management and CreativeOne Wealth are unaffiliated entities. Licensed insurance professional. Investing involves risk, including possible loss of principal. No investment strategy can ensure a profit or guarantee against losses. Insurance product guarantees are backed by the financial strength and claims-paying ability of the issuing company.
Life insurance involves fees and charges, including possible surrender penalties. Withdrawals or surrenders made during a surrender charge period may be subject to surrender charges and may reduce the ultimate death benefit and cash value. Surrender charges vary by product, issue age, sex, underwriting class, and policy year. Product and feature availability may vary by state.
Investment advisory services are provided in accordance with a fiduciary duty of care and loyalty that includes putting your interests first and disclosing conflicts. Insurance services have a best interest standard, which requires recommendations to be in your best interest. Advisors may receive commission for the sale of insurance and annuity products.
Policies to ILITs and split-dollar arrangements, we evaluate how these vehicles may enhance your plan-for-life. If you’re balancing business responsibilities, retirement goals, and wealth transfer, let us help you explore the opportunities available. We are here to help you retire confidently.
Policy loans and withdrawals will reduce available cash values and death benefits and may cause the policy to lapse or affect any guarantees against lapse. Additional premium payments may be required to keep the policy in force.

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